How does the CNC milling machine work?

FOR EVERY PURPOSE
Process aluminum, Stainless steel, チタン, plastic and much more with the CNC portal milling machine. With our computer-controlled milling you can produce precisely, accurately and reliably. Whether for the workshop (hobby, model making, maker), the trade (CNC production, prototype construction, series production). with us you will find the right milling parts for your application.

CNCフライス盤

The introduction of computerized numerical control (CNC) has exponentially expanded applications of industrial machines by programmable automation of production and achieving impossible movements performed manually. such as circles, diagonal lines and other figures complicated that enable the manufacture of parts with highly complex profiles. This also translates into the optimization of many essential variables of any manufacturing process: productivity, precision, safety, speed, repeatability, flexibility and reduction of waste.

The multiplicity of milling machines that exist today has comfortably expanded into the proliferation of their CNC-equipped peers. 実際には, there are also special kits to transform old milling machines into a CNC milling machine.

基本的に, the CNC milling machines are very similar to the conventional ones and have the same moving parts, あれは, the table, the cutting head, the spindle and the side and cross slide carriages. しかし, they do not have levers or cranks to operate these moving parts, むしろ、コントロールでいっぱいのパネルに挿入されたスクリーンと、モーターと同じ作業を実行することになっているモーターの動作を制御する電気および電子コンポーネントを収容する金属ボックスです。. 古い機械のレバーとクランク. これらのコンポーネントの中には CNC があります。, これは、対応するソフトウェアを通じて主にフライス盤の動きを担当するコンピュータです。. 電子機器と駆動モーターまたはサーボモーターの組み合わせにより、あらゆる可能なフライス加工作業を実現できます。.

CNC Machining of Gantry Milling Machine

CNCによる動作制御を理解する, 従来のフライス盤がどのように動作するかを簡単に説明します。.

この図は一般的なフライス盤を概略的に示しています. このタイプの機械では, the cranks actuate the moving parts manually so that the cutting tool (milling cutter) moves linearly in at least three axes, which are called main axes:

X axis: horizontal and parallel to the clamping surface of the part. It is associated with the movement in the longitudinal horizontal plane of the milling table.

Y axis: forms a direct direction trihedron with the X and Z axes. It is associated with the movement in the horizontal transverse plane of the milling table.

Z axis: where the cutter is mounted, it is the one that has the cutting power and can adopt different positions according to the possibilities of the head. It is associated with the vertical displacement of the machine head.

If the milling machine has a fixed table, these three movements are executed by the spindle.

しかし, より複雑な部品のフライス加工には、直線的な軌道だけでなく、より多くの軸が必要になることは明らかです。, でもロータリーも. この時点で CNC の概念が登場します。, 独立して制御され、回転テーブルの動きによって決定される多数の相補的な軸が発生します。 / または調整可能なヘッド. これにより、さまざまな平面やアプローチ角度による部品の加工を可能にするさまざまな機械モデルが誕生します。.

CNC machining cavity of milling machine

次の図に、CNC フライス盤とその基本コンポーネントと主要なコンポーネントの例を示します。 (バツ, Y, Z) そして補完的な (B, W) 軸.

1 – カラム
2 – ワーク
3 – フライステーブル, X 軸と Y 軸の移動あり
4 – Strawberry
5 – スピンドルモーターを含むカッティングヘッド
6 – CNC制御盤
7 – クーラントホース
バツ, Y, Z – Main axes of displacement
B – Complementary axis of rotary displacement of the cutting head
W – Complementary axis of longitudinal displacement of the cutting head

The main function of the CNC is to control the movements of the table, the transverse and longitudinal carriages and / or the spindle along their respective axes by means of numerical data. しかし, this is not all, because the control of these movements to achieve the desired final result requires the perfect adjustment and the correct synchronization between different devices and systems that are part of every CNC process. These include the main and complementary axes, the transmission system, the workpiece clamping systems and the tool changers, each of which presents its modalities and variables that must also be properly stipulated.

This rigorous control is carried out by software that is supplied with the milling machine and is based on one of the CNC numerical programming languages, such as ISO, HEIDENHAIN, Fagor, Fanuc, SINUMERIK and Siemens. This software contains numbers, letters and other symbols – 例えば, the G and M codes – that are encoded in an appropriate format to define an instruction program capable of carrying out a specific task. G codes are machine motion functions (rapid moves, フィード, radial feeds, pauses, cycles), while M codes are miscellaneous functions that are required for machining parts, but are not machine motion. (spindle start and stop, tool change, coolant, program stop, 等). From this it follows that to operate and program this type of machine requires basic knowledge in machining operations on conventional equipment, elementary knowledge of mathematics, technical drawing and handling of measuring instruments.

フライス盤のミーリング羽根車加工

Currently the use of CAD (computer-aided design) and CAM (コンピュータ支援製造) programs is an almost mandatory complement to any CNC machine, therefore. 一般的に, the manufacture of a part involves the combination of three types of software:

CAD: makes the design of the part.
カム: calculates the displacements of the axes for the machining of the part and adds the feed rates, rotation speeds and different cutting tools.
Control software (included with the machine): receives the instructions from the CAM and executes the orders to move the moving parts of the milling machine in accordance with these instructions.
The following video illustrates the manufacture of a part using CAD / カム:
CNC milling machines are specially adapted for milling profiles, cavities, surface contours and die cutting operations, フライステーブルの 2 つまたは 3 つの軸を同時に制御する必要がある場合. それでも, マシンの複雑さと実行されるプログラミングに応じて, CNCフライス盤は自動運転可能, 通常、オペレータはカッターを交換する必要があります, ワークの着脱も可能.

CNC フライス盤を日常的に使用する業界には自動車が含まれます。 (エンジンブロックの設計, 金型, およびその他のコンポーネント), 航空宇宙 (航空機タービン), そしてエレクトロニクス (金型と試作), 機械の製造だけでなく、, 計器および電気部品.

Let’s see in this video some types of CNC milling machines, as well as working examples.